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Productivity in practice
Productivity is one of the main concerns of business management and engineering. Practically all companies have established procedures for collecting, analyzing and reporting the necessary data. In the main, improvements in productivity result from technological innovations in manufacturing processes and from economies of scale.
==Input data and reporting==
At the plant level, in addition to being kept in monetary units, input statistics are commonly kept as weights or volumes of raw or semi-finished materials, kilowatt hours of power, worker hours, etc. As such it is tracked as sets of partial productivity, such as kilowatt-hours per ton or yield (weight of output divided by weight of input), both of which are used in the chemical, refining, wood pulp and other process industries. Quality statistics such as defect rates are similarly tracked. Typically the accounting department has overall responsibility for collecting and organizing and storing the data, but some data normally originates in the various departments. Summary reports are routinely issued to various departments and the department managers are held accountable for managing inputs in their respective areas.
Before widespread use of computer networks, partial productivity was tracked in tabular form and with hand-drawn graphs. Tabulating machines for data processing began being widely used in the 1920s and 1930s and remained in use until mainframe computers became widespread in the late 1960s through the 1970s. By the late 1970s inexpensive computers allowed industrial operations to perform process control and track productivity. Today data collection is largely computerized and almost any variable can be viewed graphically in real time or retrieved for selected time periods.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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